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Review for Global 9

Unit 1 Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions

  Section 1 - Early Peoples and Civilizations

nomad

technology

pharaoh

empire

cultural diffusion

civilization

Fertile Crescent

Middle Kingdom

Neolithic Revolution

polytheistic

cuneiform

dynasty

The Agricultural Revolution led to the first civilizations. These civilizations:

bullet relied on a traditional economy based on farming
bullet were often located in river valleys
bullet developed cities, systems of government, social structures, and belief systems
bullet made contributions to later civilizations in technology, the arts, law, and other areas
bullet exchanged ideas and developments with other cultures

  Early man was a hunter/gatherer, adapted to his environment, had spiritual beliefs, and migrated.

Neolithic Revolution – farming and animals changed the way people lived

bullet warmer climates permit farming in new areas
bullet 10,000 B.C.
bullet learn to grow food, domesticate animals

Rise of Civilization

bullet emergence of cities and central government
bullet traditional economy based on farming, skilled craftsmen
bullet organized religion – polytheistic, animism (based on nature)
bullet job specialization and social classes
bullet art and architecture
bullet system of writing

Egypt and Mesopotamia – site of early civilizations

Sumerian Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates Valley

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws – “an eye for an eye……”

  Indus River Valley (India)

bullet subcontinent of India
bullet monsoons affect life
bullet Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were city states
bullet Aryan invaders descend into valley in 1750 BC

  China

bullet Yangzi, Huang He – rivers
bullet Chinese isolated from world because of geography
bullet Middle Kingdom – center of Earth
bullet Shang dynasty
bullet Religion – polytheistic nature gods, yin and yang
bullet Contributions – written Chinese

  Section 2 - Classical Civilizations

Mandate of Heaven

bureaucracy

Hellenistic

Pax Romana

feudalism

Asoka

republic

Laws of 12 Tables

Qin

polis

Senate

Han

aristocracy

patrician

aqueduct

Maurya dynasty

direct democracy

plebeian

Silk Road

 

  China (1027BC – AD 220)

bullet Mandate of Heaven – right to rule
bullet dynastic cycle – explanation of change in dynasties
bullet Shi Huangdi of the Qin built Great Wall to keep out invaders
bullet Han dynasty – 400 years of Golden Age
bullet Civil service – teachings of Confucius
bullet Paper invented, wheelbarrow, acupuncture, herbal medicine, jade and ivory carvings
bullet Silk Road – trade with the west

  India (1500BC-185BC)

bullet Geography - Indus and Ganges Rivers, Deccan Plateau, Coastal Plains
bullet Aryan invaders and the Vedas
bullet Maurya dynasty – Chandragupta, well-organized government with a bureaucracy
bullet Asoka turned to Buddhism

  Greece (1750BC – 133BC)

bullet Geographic setting – mountains and islands caused city-states
bullet Sea important for transportation and trade
bullet Militarism in Sparta
bullet Limited democracy in Athens
bullet Athens was cultural center of Greek world
bullet Alexander the Great expands empire to India
bullet Hellenistic culture – blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian life

  Contributions of Greece

bullet philosophy – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
bullet Literature – playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
bullet Historians such as Herodotus
bullet Art and architecture – beauty, balance, and order in universe, Parthenon, columns
bullet Science – Archimedes (lever and pulley), Hippocrates (medicine)
bullet Pythagoras and Euclid in math

  Rome (509BC – AD 476)

bullet Geography – peninsula, terrain helped to unite people, fertile plain
bullet Republic – officials chosen by people, Senators from patrician class, plebeians from farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
bullet Empire – area expands around Mediterranean, Julius Caesar comes to power in 48 BC, Caesar murdered and Caesar Augustus ruled with absolute power
bullet Pax Romana – Roman peace and stability
bullet Contributions
bullet Laws – applied to all people and created stability, innocent until proven guilty, equality under law for all,right to face one’s accusers – Twelve Tables
bullet Art and Architecture – borrowed from Greeks, buildings mighty and grand, Latin used in writing
bullet Engineering – roads, bridges, aqueducts, arch and the dome

Section 3 - Decline of Roman Empire

bullet Military – Visigoths and Germanic people invade, army lacks discipline, rome forced to hire foreign soldiers
bullet Economic – Heavy taxes needed to support government, farmers leave land, middle class disappears, reliance on slaves
bullet Political – government becomes too strict, people stop supporting government, many corrupt officials, divided empire becomes weak
bullet Social – population declines due to disease and war, people become selfish and lazy

Section 4 - Belief Systems – animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam

animism

Buddha

hijira

Brahman

nirvana

Quran (Koran)

reincarnation

monotheistic

Sharia

karma

Torah

missionary

dharma

Messiah

diaspora

Upanishads

Bible

 

 

 

  Animism – everything has a spirit, early people used it, sometimes combined with reverence for ancestors

Hinduism

bullet Grew in India
bullet Brahman – one unifying spirit (Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer)
bullet Belief in reincarnation
bullet Karma – deeds of a person that will affect next life
bullet Dharma – moral and religious duties of an individual
bullet Caste system – social groups that you are born into (Brahmins-priests, Kshatriyas-warriors, Vaisyas-herders, farmer, artisans, merchants, Sudras-farm workers and servants) Untouchables – outside of caste system
bullet Caste provides stability, but people are unequal
bullet Vedas and Upanishads are sacred texts

Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama – the Enlightened One, the first Buddha, searched for an end to human suffering

Four Noble Truths

bullet All life is suffering
bullet Suffering is caused by desire
bullet Eliminate suffering by eliminating desire
bullet Follow the Eightfold Path to overcome desire (lead a “right” life)

 

bullet

Ultimate goal is nirvana – release from cycle of life and death
bullet

Buddhism rejects caste system, gods, rituals, and priests of Hinduism
bullet

Tripitaka (Three Baskets of Wisdom) – sacred text

Confucianism

bullet The Analects – his collected teachings – taught people to accept place in society
bullet Five relationships – roles in life
bullet People are naturally good
bullet Education should be the road to advancement in society
bullet To ensure social order, individual must find and accept proper place insociety
bullet Government bureaucracy based on his beliefs

Taoism (Daoism)

bullet Live in harmony with nature
bullet Tao – the “way” of the universe
bullet Laozi – philosospher
bullet Balance of yin (earth, dark, female) and yang (heaven, light, male)

Judaism

bullet Hebrews lived in Fertile Crescent and becamse enslaved in Egypt
bullet God promised them land in Israel
bullet First monotheistic religion
bullet Torah, Ten Commandments, Old Testament are sacred books
bullet Prophets taught a strong code of ethics
bullet Jews expelled from Palestine and went to Europe (diaspora)

Christianity

bullet Religion based on teachings of Jesus, teaching rooted in Jewish traditions
bullet Taught mercy and sympathy for poor, brotherhood and equality of man
bullet Jesus is the messiah (savior) and son of God
bullet Jews and Romans thought he was dangerous and had him crucified
bullet Bible is sacred text
bullet Growth of Christianity
bullet 4 BC - Jesus born
bullet AD 26 – Jesus begins preaching
bullet 29 – Jesus crucified
bullet Followers spread teachings of Christ – Peter and Paul
bullet Christians set up organized Church
bullet Romans persecute Christians
bullet 313 – Constantine ends persecution
bullet 392 – Christianity becomes official religion of Roman Empire

Islam

bullet Founded in 622 by Muhammad in Saudi Arabia
bullet End to idol worship, Angel Gabriel visited Muhammad
bullet Hijira – Muhammad’s escape to Medina – beginning of Islam
bullet Five Pillars  1) belief in one god  2) pray five times a day  3) alms to poor
bullet 4) fast during Ramadan   5) pilgrimage to Mecca
bullet Quran is sacred text – words from Allah to Muhammad
bullet Sharia – body of laws that regulate everyday life

Spread of Religions

bullet Asoka helped to spread Buddhism to China, Japan, Korea, SE Asia, it declined in India
bullet Judaism spread when Jews expelled in 135 (diaspora)
bullet Christianity spread through work of Peter and Paul and message of love and salvation
bullet Roman empire made Christianity the official religion, missionaries helped spread
bullet Islam spread through military conquest and its message of equality, trade helped as well
bullet Islam spread to Northern Africa into Spain, eastward into India, SE Asia

 

Unit 2 – Expanding Zones of Change

Section 1 – Gupta Empire

During Gupta rule the people of India

bullet experienced peace and prosperity under a strong government
bullet were influenced greatly by Hindu ideas
bullet produced many achievements in arts and sciences

Contributions include:

bullet Zero and the decimal system
bullet Arabic numerals (Hindu-Arabic numerals)
bullet Medicine – vaccination against smallpox, set bones and used plastic surgery
bullet Architecture – temples, stupas that contained remains of holy people
bullet Literature – written in Sanskrit

Section 2 – Tang Dynasty in China (618-907)

gentry

pagoda

tributary state

calligraphy

porcelain

 

bullet Strong empire forced tribute from neighboring states
bullet Confucian beliefs guided government and society
bullet Examinations used to provide an educated ruling class
bullet Strict social order – gentry, peasantry, merchants
bullet Trade expanded with India, Persia, Middle East
bullet Grand Canal built
bullet Literature and Art – calligraphy, pagoda, porcelain
bullet China greatly influenced Japan

Section 3 – Byzantine Empire

Justinian

Hagia Sophia

patriarch

autocrat

icon

schism

Junstinian’s Code

mosaic

 

Geographic Setting

bullet Eastern half of Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire (Diocletian)
bullet Constantine built Constantinople
bullet Area – from Rome through southeastern Europe and Asia Minor to Egypt and North Africa
bullet Constantinople on strategic waterway – Bosporus – on trade routes

Achievements

bullet Autocratic government – ruled over government and Church (Orthodox)
bullet Justinian’s Code of Law
bullet Team of scholars collected laws of Rome
bullet Became basis of law for Roman Catholic Church and for International Law
bullet Hagia Sophia – domed Church in Constantinople
bullet Art – icons (holy images), mosaic

 

Orthodox Christian Church
bullet Patriarch – highest church official, did not belief in Roman pope
bullet Byzantine priests can marry, Greek was language of Church
bullet Disagreements arose over use of icons
bullet 1054 – permanent schism with Roman Catholic Church

Impact of Byzantine Empire

bullet Trade Crossroads and buffer zone for Europe from invaders
bullet Preserved Greco-Roman culture long after Rome fell
bullet Roman law and accomplishments of Roman engineers preserved
bullet Byzantine culture strongly rooted in Greece
bullet 1453- fall of Byzantine Empire to Ottoman Turks

  Section 4 – Islamic Civilization

caliph

Shiite

Abbassid dynasty

Sharia

Umayyad dynasty

Averroed

Sunni

 

 

The Muslim world:

bullet Included land and people from parts of three continents
bullet preserved, blended, and spread the cultures of classical Greece, Rome, India, and other civilizations
bullet enjoyed a golden age with advances in art, literature, math, science
bullet spread new learning to Christian Europe

Golden Age of Muslim Civilization

Art

bullet beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art
bullet adapt Byzantine domes and arches
bullet paint people and animals in nonreligious art

Literature
bullet consider Quran most important piece of Arabic literature
bullet chant oral poetry
bullet collect stories from other people

Learning
bullet translate writings of Greek philosophers
bullet develop algebra
bullet astronomy

Medicine
bullet require doctors to pass tests
bullet set up hospitals with emergency rooms
bullet study diseases and write medical books

Section 5 – Medieval Europe

medieval

serf

monastery

Charlemagne

secular

anti-Semitism

chivalry

excommunicate

Gothic

manorialism

Pope Innocent III

 

During the Middle Ages in Europe

bullet there was disorder for a time after the collapse of the Roman Empire
bullet wealthy landowners dominated society and provided people with protection
bullet people relied on the Church for spiritual and political guidance
bullet achievements in art and architecture centered around Christianity

Geographic Setting

Europe lay at the western end of the Euro-Asian landmass

bullet Roman roads permitted Roman and Christian customs to spread
bullet Germanic tribes overran the Empire
bullet Europe is blessed with forests, fertile soil, iron and coal
bullet The seas and rivers of Europe encouraged trade and transportation

The Frankish Empire

bullet Germanic tribes were governed by unwritten laws and customs
bullet Clovis was the first leader of the Franks and he converted to Christianity
bullet Battle of Tours stopped the Muslim advance into France
bullet Charlemagne became emperor on Christmas Day, 800
bullet Tried to create a united Christian Europe
bullet He sent out missi domiici to check on conditions of this empire
bullet Charlemagne encourage literacy and learning
bullet Treaty of Verdun divided his empire into three parts

Feudalism and Manorialism

bullet Everyone had a well-defined place in society
bullet Little chance of changing social class
bullet Nobility – kings, queens, greater lords, lesser lords, knights
bullet Peasants made up bulk of population
bullet Clergy had respect of everyone due to power of Church

Feudalism

bullet Nobles owned most of the land
bullet Land divided into fiefs that were given to lesser lords called vassals
bullet Vassals pledged their loyalty in return for land
bullet Knighthood
bullet Nobles trained to become knights – lot of warfare
bullet Strict discipline and learned military arts
bullet Bound by code of honor called chivalry – brave, loyal, true to word, and protect women

Manorialism

bullet Basis for medieval economy
bullet Structure centered around a lord’s manor
bullet Villages and farmland around manor were included with the manor
bullet Serfs were not slaves, but were bound to the land and couldn’t leave without lord’s permission
bullet Serfs farmed lord’s land, repaired roads and fences
bullet Lord provided serf with some land to farm for himself and protected serfs
bullet Harsh life for peasants

Church in Medieval Life

bullet Church was a leader in religious and secular matters
bullet Hierarchy – pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, local priests
bullet Pope was spiritual representative of Christ on Earth
bullet Everyday life for serfs tied to Church
bullet Church served spiritual needs of people
bullet Salvation could be obtained through faith, good works and the sacraments
bullet Economic power of Church included: landowner, wealth gained through tithe
bullet Political power: canon law (Church law), courts of justice, Church claimed authority over kings and noblemen, excommunication

Monastic Orders

bullet Leaving wordly societies and devoting life to God – monasteries
bullet Monks took vows of chastity, poverty, obedience
bullet Fulfilled many social needs such as helping sick, poor, and educating children
bullet Monasteries and convents were centers of learning, preserved ancient texts
bullet Many monks and nuns did missionary work

Jews in Medieval Europe

bullet Jews in Muslim Spain and Northern Europe generally tolerated
bullet Most Christians persecuted Jews
bullet Jews barred from owning land and practicing many occupations
bullet Blamed for death of Christ, famines. disease
bullet Anti-Semitism – prejudice against Jews
bullet Many Jews migrated to Eastern Europe to escape persecution

Cultural Achievements of Medieval Europe

bullet Vernacular languages – Dante and Chaucer
bullet Tales of heroic knights and ordinary people as well
bullet At and architecture focused on glorifying God and the Church
bullet With new money many people began contributing towards works of art and architecture
bullet Romanesque architecture gave way to Gothic
bullet Gothic: tall, thin walls, many windows, pointed arches, light and airy, flying buttresses

Section 6 – The Crusades

Crusades

Holy Land

Saladin

Urban II

Council of Clermont

The Crusades:

bullet were driven by Christians’ desire to force the Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain wealth and power
bullet resulted in increased European trade with the Muslim world
bullet temporarily increased the power of the Church and greatly strengthened feudal monarchs
bullet introduced Europeans to the advances of Byzantine and Muslim civilizations

Beginning of the Crusades

bullet Seljuk Turks took over Byzantine Empire (1050)
bullet Pope Urban called for Council of Clermont to ask for Crusades
bullet Many men and women and children joined the Crusades and never returned

Reasons for Crusades

bullet Pope wanted to increase his own power
bullet Christians believed their sins would be forgiven if they participated
bullet Nobles hoped to gain land and wealth
bullet Adventurers wanted action and travel
bullet Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression

Initial Christian Victory

bullet First Crusade was most successful – 1099
bullet Captured city of Jerusalem and massacred Muslim and Jewish citizens
bullet Crusaders divided conquered lands into four crusader states

Saladin and Muslim Victory

bullet 1100s Saladin united Muslim world
bullet Saladin and his armies retook Jerusalem and treated Christians fairly
bullet Fourth Crusade – Christian noblemen looted Constantinople
bullet Muslims took back Holy Land in 1291

Impact of Crusades

bullet Crusader failed to reach goal of getting control of Holy Land
bullet Left behind a legacy of hatred because of violence
bullet Increased trade between Europe and Middle East
bullet Sugar, cotton, rice traded – economies of both sides benefited
bullet Encouragement of learning – Christians admired work of Muslim and Jewish scholars in preserving Roman and Greek works
bullet Europeans learned of advances in math, science, literature, art, geographic knowledge
bullet Church temporarily benefited, but Church lost power to feudal lords
bullet Monarchs raised taxes to pay for Crusades
bullet Lords wanted payments in money from serfs – Feudalism weakened

 

Unit Three – Global Interactions

Section 1 – Early Japan and Feudalism

Shinto

samurai

kami

bushido

Zen Buddhism

kabuki

shogun

haiku

daimyo

Early Japan:

bullet was strongly influenced by geography
bullet borrowed selectively from Chinese culture
bullet developed a feudal system
bullet experienced stability and strong government during later feudal times

Geographic Setting

bullet chain of mountainous islands – archipelago
bullet Four main islands and 3,000 smaller ones
bullet Part of the Ring of Fire – volcanoes and earthquakes
bullet Land difficult to farm
bullet Rugged terrain acted as barrier to political unity
bullet Sea very important to Japanese life – food
bullet Sea isolated Japan and protected it from invasion
bullet Deep respect for forces of nature

Shintoism

bullet Traditional Japanese religion – “The way of the gods”
bullet kami – spirits that inhabit all things – forces of nature
bullet Shinto helped to unite Japanese people

Cultural diffusion from Korea and China

bullet Japan’s culture is a blend of Japanese, Chinese, and Korean elements
bullet Korea was a land bridge between Japan and China
bullet Chinese influenced Japanese writing
bullet Buddhism came through Korea to Japan – Zen Buddhism
bullet Confucianism gave Japanese many ideas of family, loyalty, respect for education
bullet Tea, tea ceremony, music, dancing came from China to Japan

Feudal Japan

bullet 1100s – warlords began fighting one another
bullet Shogun – military rulers of Japan
bullet Daimyo – landowners who promised military support to shogun or emperor
bullet Samurai – (those  who serve) – code of bushido – loyalty, bravery, honorable
bullet Hara kiri and seppuku used by samurai who fail in duties
bullet Peasants and artisans
bullet merchants – lower class because of nature of job

Tokugawa Shogunate

bullet 300 years of peace and stability
bullet Centralized government created
bullet Economic prosperity – a golden age
bullet 1638 – barred foreigners from Japan
bullet Cultural advances included tea ceremony, landscape gardening, kabuki theater, haiku

Section 2 – The Mongols and their Impact

Genghis Khan

Yuan dynasty

Pax Mongolia

Golden Horde

Mughal dynasty

Marco Polo

Kublai Khan

Akbar the Great

Ibn Battuta

Mongol rule:

bullet covered a large area that included diverse lands and people
bullet provided stability and prosperity
bullet encouraged an exchange of ideas and goods between East and West

Rise of the Mongols

bullet Came from central Asia, were nomadic herders who roamed the grasslands
bullet Genghis Khan (Temujin) – born in 1100s, title means “World Emperor”, conquered Asia from Korea to the Caspian Sea
bullet Mongols were skillful horsemen and bowmen, used cannon
bullet Expansion to West – Golden Horde attacked Russia, Hungary, Poland
bullet Conquered Persia, Mesopotamia, Russia, India under Tamerlane
bullet Mongol dynasty in China (Yuan dynasty)

Mughal India

bullet Babur established a Muslim empire in India
bullet Akbar the Great succeeded him and was tolerant of Hindus

Mongol Impact

bullet Spread terror and destruction throughout regions they conquered
bullet Mongols ruled Russia for 250 years
bullet Brought absolutist government to Russia
bullet Isolated Russia from Western Europe
bullet Yuan dynasty in China lasted 150 years
bullet China flourished under Kublai Khan
bullet Pax Mongolia – peace and stability
bullet Silk Road flourished again with Mongol protection
bullet Marco Polo visited China as did Ibn Battuta from Morocco
bullet Mongol empire declined due to size and death of Kublai Khan

Section 3 – Global Trade and Interaction

Zheng He

Cairo

Hanseatic League

Canton

Venice

bubonic plague

Mogadishu

trade fair

epidemic

Beginning around 1200, global trade and interactions increased as:

bullet the Ming dynasty prospered and China traded by both land and sea
bullet goods from the East moved to Africa and Asia Minor and then to Europe
bullet cities in Asia, Africa, and Europe grew
bullet European coastal towns transported goods to the European interior
bullet Portugal began to search for new routes to Asia

Chinese Trade

bullet Silk Road used to trade with West
bullet Ming rulers turned to sea – Zheng He – admiral
bullet City of Canton became important port

Major Trade Routes

bullet Across Indian Ocean – Asia and East Africa
bullet Overland between East and West – Silk Road
bullet Across Mediterranean – Italian merchants prospered

Resurgence of European Trade

bullet Impact of Crusades increased trade
bullet Italian city-state flourished – Venice, Genoa, Florence
bullet Trade fairs and growth of cities promote trade
bullet German cities formed Hanseatic League
bullet Portuguese establish water route to East Asian spice trade – da Gama

The Plague and its Impact

bullet Bubonic plague (Black Death) – spread by fleas on rats, and rats
bullet 1300s – reached Spain, Italy, France
bullet Population losses – one-third of Europe died
bullet Caused economic decline – farming and trade interrupted
bullet Social and political change – weakened power of nobility over peasants, monarchies gain power
bullet Confusion and disorder in society

Section 4 – The Resurgence of Europe

In Europe at the end of the Middle Ages:

bullet the commercial revolution brought new ways of doing business
bullet the Renaissance introduces new ways of thinking and a flowering of culture
bullet religious reformers challenged the authority of the Church
bullet monarchs increased their power and formed nation-states
bullet limits were placed on monarchs in England

 

guild

humnism

Ignatius Loyola

apprentice

Michelangelo

common law

capitalism

da Vinci

Magna Carta

commercial revolution

95 theses

parliament

Renaissance

Protestant reformation

Counter-Reformation

Commercial Revolution

bullet Growth of towns and middle class – merchants between nobles and peasants
bullet Importance of guilds in regulating sale products, quality of goods, working conditions
bullet Rise of capitalism – money used for investment
bullet Partnerships and joint stock companies – used to raise capital
bullet Banks become moneylenders
bullet Insurance used to reduce business risks
bullet Use of money changes society – serfs pay debt in money not labor

Renaissance and Humanism

bullet Started in Italy, a rebirth of classical civilizations of Greece and Rome
bullet Humanism – scholars curious about present life, emphasis on achievements of the individual, concerned about secular, not religious issues
bullet Artistic achievements included return to Greek and Roman styles, art was realistic, perspective, detail because of study of anatomy
bullet Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, etc. in Italy
bullet Drurr, van Eyck, Bruegel, rubens in Northern Europe
bullet Literary achievements by Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Machiavelli
bullet Impact of Printing Press – books more available, literacy increased, ideas spread rapidly

Protestant Reformation

bullet Causes – The Renaissance and Humanism cause people to question, strong monarchs opposed power of the Church, problems within the Church
bullet Martin Luther (95 Theses) –“salvation through faith alone”
bullet John Calvin – predestination, followers lead frugal, strict, disciplined lives

The Counter Reformation

bullet Purpose was to strengthen the Church and keep Catholics from converting
bullet Council of Trent (1545) – reaffirmed traditional beliefs and worked to end abuses
bullet Loyola and Jesuits – strict obedience to Church, missionary work

Effects of Reformation

bullet Religious and political divisions in Europe, Catholic nations vs. Protestant nations
bullet Religious civil wars in Germany, France, Spain fought with England
bullet Anti-Semitism increased, ghettoes created
bullet Witch hunts all over Europe

Rise of Nation-States

bullet Kings slowly began to gain power as Church declined
bullet France – Hugh Capet (987) – throne becomes hereditary, tax collections, Joan of Arc helped to strengthen monarcy in France
bullet England – William the Conqueror (1066), Battle of Hastings
bullet Common law – law that was same for all the people
bullet Jury system established
bullet Magna Carta (1215) – placed limits on the power of the king of England
bullet Parliament – slowly begins to gain power, had the “power of the purse”
bullet Anglican Church begun by Henry VIII – breaks from Roman Catholic Church

 

Unit Four – First Global Age

Section 1 – Mesoamerican Civilizations

The Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas:

bullet developed agriculture that could support large populations
bullet placed great importance on religion
bullet formed governments that ruled large areas
bullet had advanced knowledge in areas such as agriculture, engineering, and architecture

 

Olmecs

Incas

Mayas

terraces

Aztecs

quipus

Geographic Setting

bullet People came into the Americas over the land bridge in the Bering Strait
bullet Americans learned to cultivate crops – corn, beans, squash, potatoes
bullet Domestication of llamas

Olmecs – 1400-500 BC – calendar, writing system

Mayas (AD 300-900)

bullet Farming and trade flourished – corn, beans, squash, honey, cocoa
bullet Priests held in high regard, conducted elaborate rituals
bullet Social hierarchy from chief down to farmers
bullet Contributions include pyramids, producing large amounts of food, writing system, calendar, zero

Aztecs (1200-1500)

bullet Social structure: 1) rulers, nobles, priests   2) Warriors and traders   3) farmers and slaves
bullet Human sacrifices offered to appease gods to prevent disasters
bullet Contributions included calendar, schools, recording of historical events, advances in medicine, built Tenochtitlan
bullet Conquered by Cortes

Incas (1400s - )

bullet Strong centralized government – collected taxes, people strictly controlled
bullet Empire linked by roads
bullet Conquered by Pizarro
bullet Contributions included engineering (roads) and architecture
bullet Use of terracing in agriculture
bullet Quipus used for communication – colored, knotted strings
bullet Excelled in surgery and herbs

Section 2 – African Civilizations

Prior to 1600, people in Africa:

bullet formed diverse societies in different geographical areas
bullet built trading empires in Ghana, Mali, Songhai
bullet became part of the global trade network through West and East African trading states
bullet were introduced to Islam
bullet maintained traditions around the village, family and religion

 

savanna

Ghana

Mansa Musa

Swahili

desert

Mali

Songhai

 

 

Geography

bullet Second largest continent in world
bullet Varied climates and terrain
bullet Savanna – grassy plains
bullet Sahara in north, rain forest in central Africa
bullet Plateau in Eastern Africa
bullet Mediterranean climates in north and southern coasts
bullet Few good natural harbors, fast flowing rivers
bullet Barriers have separated people and cultures

 

Village Life

Family Patterns

Religious Beliefs

elders share government power

each family beoings to a lineage

worship many gods

villagers help one another with planting and harvest

several lineages form a clan

elders ask spirits for rain and good harvests

some village ruled by larger kingdoms – Songhai

elders teach children history and religious beliefs

ask spirits of ancestors for help

Kingdoms of West Africa

Ghana (800-1000)

Mali (1200-1450)

Songhai (1450-1600)

controls trade in gold and salt across West Africa

Mali conquerors kingdom of Ghana

Songhai grows into large state

women work in business and government

Mansa Musa becomes great emperor

controls important trade routes

King has Muslim advisors

Mali controls gold trade routes

emperor sets up Muslim dynasty

 

Timbuktu becomes great trading and learning center

 

Africa’s Role in Global Trade

bullet Hausa – Nigerians who produced cotton and leather, dominated Saharan trade routes
bullet Benin – in rain forests of Guinea Coast, dealt in ivory, pepper and slaves, bronze, brass
bullet East African City States – Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala – trade with India, used Swahili language

Contributions

bullet Arts – ivory, wood, bronze, statues and masks
bullet Literary traditions – use of Arabic, oral traditions of folk stories
bullet Education in Timbuktu

Section 3 – Ming Dynasty in China

During the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese:

bullet restored Chinese rule and reaffirmed belief in Chinese superiority
bullet achieved cultural and economic growth
bullet after a brief period of exploration, sought to limit foreign contact
bullet continued to influence neighboring Asian nations culturally and intellectually

 

Zhu Yuanzhang

Middle Kingdom

Matteo Ricci

Ming dynasty

Zheng He

 

Restoration of Chinese Rule

bullet Mongols replaced – Zhu Yuanzhang led revolt to begin dynasty
bullet Reforms to improve government – exams for government officials
bullet Zheng He led voyages of exploration
bullet Confucian scholars wanted to limit contact with foreigners

Contributions

bullet Agriculture – fertilizers
bullet Manufacture of porcelain, paper
bullet Arts – landscape painting, vases, silks,poetry

European Interest in China

bullet Portuguese show first interest in Chinese products – colony at Macao
bullet Matteo Ricci – Portuguese missionary gained acceptance

China Influenced Asian Neighbors

bullet Koreans adapt civil service, porcelain
bullet Japan gets Buddhism, art styles, theater, literature from China

Section 4 – The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire:

bullet expanded across a vast area in the 1400s and 1500s from southeastern Europe through the Middle East and North Africa
bullet extended Muslim influence
bullet made contributions in the arts, architecture, and literature
bullet forced Europeans to begin seeking new routes for trade with Asia

 

Constantinople

sultan

janissaries

Suleiman

millet

mosque

Rise of Ottoman Empire

bullet 1453-Ottomans conquered Constantinople, changed name to Istanbul
bullet Ottoman expansion into Saudi Arabia, Russia
bullet Success due to new military technology (cannon, muskets)

Europeans Search for New Trade Routes

bullet Ottoman Empire disrupted traditional trade routes to Asia
bullet Portugal sends out expeditions

Suleiman’s Golden Age (1520-1566)

bullet Sultan known as “The Magnificent”
bullet Time of absolute rule with prosperity

Diverse Society

bullet Men of the Pen – highly educated people such as scientists, lawyers, judges
bullet Men of the Sword – military
bullet Men of Negotiation – business people, tax collectors, artisans
bullet Men of Husbandry - farmers
bullet Millets – non-Muslim communities
bullet Janissaries – elite force in the military

Decline of Ottoman Empire

bullet Internal disorder – government corruption
bullet European Advances – Spain defeated Ottomans at LePanto (1571), other nations of Europe bypass Ottomans

Section 5 - Explorations, Encounters, and Imperialism

Between the late 1400s and 1700s, Western Europeans

bullet benefited from technology in map making, navigation, shipbuilding, and weaponry
bullet found new sea routes and dominated trade with Africa, Asia, and the Americas
bullet competed with each other to establish profitable colonies
bullet began global interactions that greatly affected people around the world

Eve of Exploration

bullet Reconquista and Expulsions
bullet Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile united Spain
bullet Muslims forced from Granada in 1492
bullet Brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews – Inquisition

Impact of Technology

bullet Printing press gave Europeans knowledge of geography
bullet Gunpowder gave Europeans advantage over other areas of world
bullet Cartographers improve maps and caravels were better ships

Early Explorations and Encounters

bullet Prince Henry and School for Navigators for in Portugal
bullet Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope
bullet Vasco da Gama travels around Africa to India – 1497
bullet Columbus reaches America – 1492

Europeans Compete for Colonies

bullet Imperialism – domination of one country over another
bullet Portuguese get control of African coast
bullet Dutch boers arrive at Cape Town
bullet Portuguese dominate spice trade in East Indies
bullet Dutch compete with Portugal – Dutch East India Company – Indonesia
bullet Spain takes over Latin America and Philippines (Magellan)
bullet England and France compete over India and in North America
bullet Reasons for Spanish success   1) better technology than Indians   2) used Indian allies to defeat Aztecs   3) diseases killed many Indians

Triangular Trade and Slavery

bullet Causes of slave trade – need for labor in Americas due to deaths of Indians
bullet Middle Passage killed millions of slaves as they crossed Atlantic
bullet Slave trade sent 11 million Africans to Americas

Spanish Empire in New World

bullet Government – strict control by king of Spain
bullet Religion – Catholic church dominant
bullet Encomienda – labor demanded from Native Americans
bullet Culture – combined European, Native American, and African traditions
bullet Social Classes   1) peninsulares   2) Creoles   3) mestizos   4) mulattoes
bullet 5) Native Americans   6) slaves

European Capitalism and Mercantilism assisted in the building of European colonial empires

Section 6 – Absolutism and the Puritan Revolution

In the 1500s and 1600s

bullet monarchs acted to establish absolute power
bullet monarchs used the divine right theory and similar ideas to justify power
bullet Parliament and Puritans in England resisted absolutism
bullet a limited monarchy was established in England

 

absolutism

Puritans

Akbar the Great

The Leviathan

Philip II

Oliver Cromwell

divine right

Glorious Revolution

Louis XIV

English Bill of Rights

Peter the Great

limited monarchy

Absolutism - when a ruler has totalcontrol over the government and its people

Akbar the Great used absolutism in India

Spain

bullet Charles V (15519-1556)
bullet Philip II (1556-1598) – used divine right theory, golden age of Spain

Spain’s Golden Age

Government

Wars

Arts

Religion

Philip II – absolute ruler

builds strong navy

supports arts and learning

supports Catholic Reformation

controls all parts of government

defeats Ottoman navy in 1571

sets ups schools of science and math

stops Catholics from converting to Protestant

believes in divine right

English navy defeated Spanish Armada 1588

Encourages painters and writers

Persecutes Protestants in Spain

 

 

 

Fights against Dutch Protestants

Absolutism in France

bullet Henry IV – converts to Catholicism for the good of France
bullet Reduced power of nobility
bullet Appointed Richelieu as ward to his son Louis XIII

Louis XIV

bullet The Sun King
bullet “I am the state.”
bullet expanded bureaucracy
bullet built palace of Versailles
bullet organized the best army in Europe
bullet persecuted the Huguenots (French Protestants)
bullet Costly wars left France in debt

Peter the Great (1682-1725) and Russia

bullet Centralized government of Russia
bullet Wanted to Westernize Russia, capital at St. Petersburg
bullet Strong foreign policy – began Russian expansion
bullet Warm water ports!

England

bullet Stuart monarch James I sought to increase his power
bullet James dissolved parliament
bullet James I conflicted with Puritans who wanted to “purify” the Church of England
bullet Charles I created problems by
bullet putting enemies in prison without trial
bullet imposing high taxes
bullet angering Puritans
bullet dissolving Parliament

English Civil War

bullet Cavaliers (king) vs. Roundheads (Parliament)
bullet Oliver Cromwell wins for Roundheads and Charles I beheaded
bullet Commonwealth under Cromwell (Lord Protector)
bullet Government became a republic – Parliament dissolved
bullet People did not like Puritan rule
bullet Restoration brings back Stuarts – Charles II and James II
bullet James II wanted Catholocism
bullet The Glorious Revolution – 1688, William and Mary invited to throne of England
bullet English Bill of Rights
bullet king must work with Parliament
bullet House of Commons given financial control
bullet abolished excessive fines or unusual punishments
bullet had to agree to habeas corpus
bullet England becomes a limited monarchy (king has limited powers)

Toleration Act 1689) granted dissenters more freedoms except for Catholics

 

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

From the 1500s through the 1700s, Europeans:

bullet experienced the Scientific Revolution, which caused people to change their views of the universe
bullet entered the Enlightenment ,in which philosophers applied reason to society and government
bullet developed ideas about basic human rights and proper government
bullet began to consider democratic ideas and the concept of nationalism

 

Scientific Revolution

scientific method

Montesquieu

Copernicus

Descartes

Voltaire

heliocentric

natural laws

Rousseau

Galileo

Enlightenment

enlightened despot

Isaac Newton

John Locke

Joseph II

New Ideas About Universe

bullet Copernicus – heliocentric theory of universe
bullet Galileo – uses telescope to support Copernicus
bullet Newton – existence of gravity

New Ways of Thinking

bullet Scientific method – experimentation and observation
bullet Descartes – power of human reason “I think, therefore, I am”
bullet Natural laws – laws that govern human behavior

Enlightenment – people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason

Thomas Hobbes

People are greedy and selfish.Only a powerful government can create an orderly, peaceful society.

John Locke

People have natural rights. It is job of government to protect those rights (life, liberty, property). If government does not protect rights, people have right to overthrow it.

Baron de Montesquieu

Powers of government should be divided into three branches (legislative, executive, judicial). Checks and balances

Jean Jacques Rousseau

In a perfect society, people make and obey the laws. What is good for everyone is more important than what is good for one person.

Voltaire

free speech advocate, used sharp wit to criticize government and Church, a true liberal

 

Enlightened Despots – enlightened rulers who used power to reform society

Maia Theresa of Austria

improved tax system, education

Joseph II of Austria

modernized government, legal reforms, religious toleration, ended censorship, abolished serfdom

Catherine the Great of Russia

wrote to Voltaire and Montesauieu, asked advic from subjects, built schools, hospitals, promoted education of women, religious tolerance